VIII. References

Cooper-Ellis, S. 1994. Ecology and distribution of bryophytes in old-growth forests of western Massachusetts. M.A. Thesis, Smith College.

Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England.  Hill and Wang: New York.

Duffy, D.C. and Meier, A.J. 1992. Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clearcutting?  Conservation Biology 6:196-201.

Meier, A.J., Bratton, S.P., Duffy, D.C.1996. Biodiversity in the herbaceous layer and salamanders in Appalachian primary forests. in Eastern Old-Growth Forests. ed. Davis, M.B. Island Press: Washington, D.C.

DEM (Department of Environmental Management). 1992. Final Generic Environmental Impact Report (GEIR) Forestland Management Practices.

Dunwiddie, P.W. and Leverett, R.T. 1996. Survey of old-growth forest in Massachusetts. Rhodora 98:896, 419-444

Emerson, G.B. 1846. Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts. Dutton and Wentworth: Boston.

Foster, D.R. 1995. Land-use history and four hundred years of vegetation change in New England. in Global Land Use Change: A Perspective from the Columbian Encounter. ed. Turner, B.L.; Gomez Sal, Antonio; Gonzalez Bernaldez, Fernando; di Castri, Francesco. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid, Spain.

Hunter, M.L. and White, A.S. 1997. Ecological thresholds and the definition of old-growth forest stands. Natural Areas Journal 17:292-296.

Irland, L.C. 1983. Wildlands and Woodlots: The Story of New England's Forests. University Press of New England: Hanover, NH.

One Hundred Years of Progress in the United States.  Hartford: L.Stebbins, 1870.

Peterken, G.F. 1996. Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Raup, Hugh M. 1966. The view from John Sanderson's farm: a perspective for the use of the land. Forest History 10:1, 1-11

Selva, S.B. 1996. Using lichens to assess ecological continuity in northeastern forests. in Eastern Old-Growth Forests. ed. Davis, M.B. Island Press: Washington, D.C.
 
Williams, M. 1989. Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.